The 2019 Driving
Cities Index

The best and worst cities for drivers

At Mister Auto, we understand that many people spend a great deal of their lives behind the wheel. Considering that drivers lose over 200 hours a year commuting in the US alone, we decided to delve into the multiple factors that affect motorists on a daily basis. From infrastructure and congestion, to driver behavior, our comprehensive study takes a deeper look into cities which are successfully utilising infrastructure and legislation to improve conditions for vehicle users.

We began the study by collecting data for hundreds of cities worldwide which was whittled down to a shortlist of 100 cities. Each of these provided reliable and extensive data which also allowed for a wide range of scores, from excellent to needing improvement, with regards to their achievement in each factor. This ensured a range of results, allowing cities to stand out for their individual merits in comparison to other locations. We then decided to divide the parameters of the study into three categories that are most important to making a city a good location to drive: infrastructure, safety and costs.

To determine a city’s infrastructure, we examined factors such as the number of cars per capita, traffic congestion, road and public transport quality, among others. Next, we researched air quality levels in order to determine the city's commitment to providing fresh air and good visibility for its drivers and citizens alike.

Next, the safety of each location was analysed by the car accident fatality rate as well as conducting a poll focusing on incidents of road rage, in order to paint a picture of the aggressiveness and general driving culture brought to the city by motorists.

Finally, we looked at the costs associated with driving in each city, including not only at the price of combustibles in each location, but also the purchase parity of each country to determine how affordable driving was for its inhabitants. We also took into account the amount of city road tax paid on a yearly basis.

The final index combines a total of 15 factors to reveal the best and worst cities for car owners to drive-in across the globe.

Each column in the table below is filterable. All scores are out of 100, where the higher the score, the better, with the exception of the Road Rage Score, where the lower the score, the fewer the incidents.

The full methodology explaining how each factor was calculated can be found at the bottom of the page.
All currency figures are in USD.

Infrastructure

# Cars / Capita
Daily Average Congestion Score
Road Quality Score
Public Transport Score
City Speed Sample Score
Average Car Age
Air Quality Score

Safety

Road Rage Score
Fatality Rate / 100,000 inhabitants

Costs

Cost of Parking / 2hrs
Cost of Parking by Affordability Score
Cost of Petrol / L
Cost of Petrol by Affordability Score
Annual Road Tax
Annual Road Tax by Affordability Score

Scroll to select filter

				Infrastructure							Safety		Costs
#	City	Country	Region																TOTAL SCORE
1	Calgary	Canada	North America	0.63	98.78	90.69	75.60	100	9.00	93.82	29.16	2.60	3.59	97.17	1.02	98.11	64.95	97.22	100
2	Dubai	UAE	Asia	0.54	97.13	97.65	73.23	65.40	5.20	39.26	5.62	5.90	10.38	87.29	0.59	99.89	88.39	95.21	97.87
3	Ottawa	Canada	North America	0.54	94.73	90.69	76.66	88.93	9.00	97.63	30.26	2.90	6.56	92.75	1.02	98.11	91.77	94.78	96.60
4	Bern	Switzerland	Western Europe	0.43	97.94	100	79.68	77.49	8.60	82.18	20.25	3.30	4.93	98.32	1.60	98.54	266.54	89.26	96.23
5	El Paso	USA	North America	0.57	100	96.03	60.77	80.40	10.20	86.31	48.52	11.20	4.43	95.98	0.71	99.45	78.81	96.01	96.01
6	Vancouver	Canada	North America	0.11	89.54	90.69	82.32	55.79	9.00	98.08	24.32	2.40	5.17	94.82	1.02	98.11	55.38	98.08	95.99
7	Gothenburg	Sweden	Northern Europe	0.26	99.33	94.28	92.25	72.47	10.00	93.04	23.11	2.40	4.51	97.05	1.64	96.86	59.82	98.69	95.66
8	Dusseldorf	Germany	Western Europe	0.52	97.50	94.97	86.76	73.65	9.30	74.85	14.75	2.30	3.37	97.62	1.56	96.14	89.57	95.19	95.36
9	Basel	Switzerland	Western Europe	0.40	95.21	100	83.11	86.18	8.60	80.21	15.30	2.00	6.64	96.87	1.60	98.54	359.74	84.42	95.28
10	Dortmund	Germany	Western Europe	0.43	97.94	94.97	86.60	84.83	9.30	70.38	17.83	2.70	2.99	98.18	1.56	96.14	89.57	95.19	95.27
11	Zurich	Switzerland	Western Europe	0.44	92.69	100	90.97	76.10	8.60	81.42	10.02	1.80	6.14	97.29	1.60	98.54	161.50	94.72	95.17
12	Essen	Germany	Western Europe	0.42	97.94	94.97	87.38	88.11	9.30	67.76	14.75	3.40	3.37	97.62	1.56	96.14	89.57	95.19	94.95
13	Perth	Australia	Oceania	0.62	97.94	86.87	72.41	87.74	10.20	90.84	39.28	6.10	5.56	95.18	0.98	98.77	179.06	88.69	94.69
14	Malmo	Sweden	Northern Europe	0.29	100	94.28	91.03	91.70	10.00	85.43	24.65	2.50	6.34	94.82	1.64	96.86	59.82	98.69	94.14
15	Graz	Austria	Western Europe	0.47	95.21	96.19	80.76	69.68	8.20	69.74	6.83	6.10	6.23	93.70	1.39	96.91	533.68	57.09	93.51
16	Cologne	Germany	Western Europe	0.35	95.82	94.97	87.45	81.64	9.30	75.64	18.27	2.70	5.70	94.25	1.56	96.14	89.57	95.19	93.09
17	Vienna	Austria	Western Europe	0.40	93.94	96.19	85.67	66.61	8.20	74.85	20.69	1.10	8.08	91.08	1.39	96.91	533.68	57.09	92.98
18	Stockholm	Sweden	Northern Europe	0.24	95.30	94.28	96.18	72.41	10.00	98.55	31.03	0.90	6.53	94.59	1.64	96.86	59.82	98.69	92.88
19	Bremen	Germany	Western Europe	0.36	93.22	94.97	88.84	56.10	9.30	79.74	15.30	1.90	5.07	95.17	1.56	96.14	89.57	95.19	92.86
20	Detroit	USA	North America	0.67	99.54	96.03	66.87	90.12	10.70	83.73	46.54	12.20	6.75	92.69	0.76	99.23	103.24	93.94	92.86
21	Oslo	Norway	Northern Europe	0.41	97.50	89.98	86.87	93.69	10.50	88.16	15.52	1.00	4.74	98.32	1.91	97.68	317.67	85.96	92.44
22	Geneva	Switzerland	Western Europe	0.43	91.61	100	87.49	53.72	8.60	77.50	22.45	2.70	5.04	98.22	1.60	98.54	298.56	87.60	92.34
23	Singapore	Singapore	Asia	0.10	89.68	99.05	99.86	64.70	5.46	67.73	2.65	2.70	2.17	100	1.57	97.31	534.69	61.73	91.95
24	Stuttgart	Germany	Western Europe	0.35	93.22	94.97	89.69	86.55	9.30	77.72	16.73	4.20	5.48	94.57	1.56	96.14	89.57	95.19	91.88
25	Munich	Germany	Western Europe	0.35	93.43	94.97	92.45	67.60	9.30	78.15	23.22	4.70	4.49	96.00	1.56	96.14	89.57	95.19	91.37
26	Frankfurt	Germany	Western Europe	0.32	95.09	94.97	91.65	85.48	9.30	78.37	32.24	3.40	5.90	93.96	1.56	96.14	89.57	95.19	91.17
27	Birmingham	UK	Northern Europe	0.33	96.07	89.66	85.84	63.18	7.80	80.45	35.76	2.00	4.24	95.72	1.60	95.30	261.33	77.56	90.63
28	Montreal	Canada	North America	0.45	93.53	90.69	83.28	58.28	9.00	90.49	46.43	1.80	11.51	85.37	1.02	98.11	90.25	94.92	90.35
29	Osaka	Japan	Asia	0.31	89.90	97.97	94.75	90.12	6.00	77.50	1.00	3.20	11.00	83.14	1.31	96.00	374.37	62.90	89.80
30	Glasgow	UK	Northern Europe	0.35	96.15	89.66	74.88	95.24	7.80	88.16	37.30	2.70	6.46	92.16	1.60	95.30	261.33	77.56	89.67
31	San Antonio	USA	North America	0.58	99.19	96.03	63.09	78.81	10.20	86.91	45.11	16.00	12.25	84.42	0.64	99.70	52.37	98.40	89.63
32	Liverpool	UK	Northern Europe	0.37	94.73	89.66	76.53	66.17	7.80	82.95	27.62	1.70	6.69	91.77	1.60	95.30	261.33	77.56	89.33
33	Toulouse	France	Western Europe	0.51	95.05	97.16	81.41	68.10	8.80	80.45	35.21	5.90	3.80	96.14	1.67	94.66	204.84	82.16	88.42
34	Copenhagen	Denmark	Northern Europe	0.33	97.30	95.06	95.21	71.82	8.80	82.18	7.60	1.40	10.41	90.70	1.75	96.87	281.97	83.59	88.23
35	Orlando	USA	North America	0.57	98.10	96.03	62.72	83.24	10.60	95.45	53.80	23.40	8.15	89.58	0.67	99.38	32.19	100	87.86
36	Hamburg	Germany	Western Europe	0.34	91.71	94.97	88.73	61.90	9.30	79.51	50.39	1.50	5.56	94.46	1.56	96.14	89.57	95.19	87.76
37	Leeds	UK	Northern Europe	0.37	92.48	89.66	75.43	67.41	7.80	81.17	34.55	1.90	5.65	93.46	1.60	95.30	261.33	77.56	87.76
38	Philadelphia	USA	North America	0.59	96.22	96.03	82.66	68.55	11.80	82.86	72.50	13.90	5.92	94.08	0.77	99.26	38.47	99.77	87.76
39	Austin	USA	North America	0.62	95.96	96.03	65.63	74.62	10.20	85.86	38.95	15.20	14.30	81.38	0.65	99.64	62.51	97.48	87.38
40	Boston	USA	North America	0.59	95.27	96.03	88.79	61.10	9.80	94.33	71.62	7.80	15.86	84.65	0.74	100	60.72	98.94	87.37
41	Belfast	UK	Northern Europe	0.38	91.05	89.66	75.95	73.72	7.80	85.43	43.90	3.40	3.50	96.91	1.60	95.30	261.33	77.56	87.25
42	Nice	France	Western Europe	0.46	93.50	97.16	80.11	80.20	8.80	76.45	20.80	6.90	5.90	92.62	1.67	94.66	237.12	78.86	87.15
43	Valencia	Spain	Southern Europe	0.46	98.00	93.15	90.72	68.57	11.40	82.95	41.37	3.60	7.45	84.93	1.46	92.93	143.52	82.46	87.08
44	Manchester	UK	Northern Europe	0.38	92.16	89.66	89.89	66.91	7.80	81.17	40.05	0.80	7.16	91.02	1.60	95.30	261.33	77.56	86.88
45	San Francisco	USA	North America	0.61	90.28	96.03	93.05	61.49	11.20	87.72	50.61	8.90	8.60	91.41	1.01	98.73	111.34	94.35	86.82
46	Seattle	USA	North America	0.68	93.15	96.03	81.34	94.08	13.80	95.10	29.93	9.50	14.90	84.80	0.92	99.28	145.50	92.57	86.41
47	Utrecht	Netherlands	Western Europe	0.31	97.50	98.05	83.33	86.94	10.40	77.94	42.80	3.10	7.61	92.23	1.83	95.55	533.50	59.15	86.32
48	Bordeaux	France	Western Europe	0.50	93.17	97.16	81.06	59.00	8.80	78.82	38.29	6.20	4.52	94.93	1.67	94.66	191.39	83.54	86.25
49	Auckland	New Zealand	Oceania	0.56	93.73	87.61	67.71	59.24	9.00	98.46	20.25	3.30	9.26	88.00	1.52	95.78	557.16	49.86	86.17
50	Bristol	UK	Northern Europe	0.38	92.16	89.66	82.19	75.31	7.80	81.67	49.40	3.10	5.10	94.34	1.60	95.30	261.33	77.56	86.06
51	Toronto	Canada	North America	0.49	89.86	90.69	79.71	58.26	9.00	92.66	50.72	2.20	14.39	81.07	1.02	98.11	91.77	94.78	85.92
52	Berlin	Germany	Western Europe	0.29	92.07	94.97	92.95	50.26	9.30	72.80	61.06	1.30	5.81	94.10	1.56	96.14	89.57	95.19	85.89
53	Seoul	South Korea	Asia	0.22	93.23	94.48	97.38	91.59	10.00	58.82	28.17	3.00	8.82	82.40	1.29	94.28	188.53	76.90	85.46
54	Las Vegas	USA	North America	0.57	98.72	96.03	63.62	66.99	11.60	90.70	76.57	17.30	6.47	92.54	0.86	98.66	101.22	93.60	85.45
55	Tokyo	Japan	Asia	0.23	86.93	97.97	98.89	62.64	6.00	76.25	2.54	1.90	15.34	75.47	1.31	96.00	374.37	62.90	85.36
56	Antwerp	Belgium	Western Europe	0.39	93.45	88.09	79.11	52.79	8.90	74.27	38.62	5.00	6.70	92.26	1.55	95.85	238.04	80.90	84.97
57	Lyon	France	Western Europe	0.41	91.04	97.16	84.79	57.93	8.80	75.05	47.42	4.90	5.59	93.13	1.67	94.66	200.35	82.62	83.76
58	Madrid	Spain	Southern Europe	0.48	96.30	93.15	94.19	63.17	11.40	84.58	52.26	1.90	10.18	78.49	1.46	92.93	144.58	82.30	83.57
59	Prague	Czechia	Eastern Europe	0.54	94.53	84.14	88.05	76.25	14.50	73.71	49.84	1.40	3.61	89.33	1.41	88.30	129.98	74.16	83.19
60	San Diego	USA	North America	0.63	92.84	96.03	75.57	58.85	11.20	88.97	45.55	12.30	15.12	82.99	0.99	98.81	111.34	94.35	82.72
61	Rotterdam	Netherlands	Western Europe	0.32	96.61	98.05	89.01	75.95	10.40	77.94	51.27	2.70	5.23	95.45	1.83	95.55	578.33	55.45	82.63
62	Miami	USA	North America	0.54	92.97	96.03	78.48	62.58	10.60	96.41	86.69	17.00	11.60	84.11	0.68	99.30	32.19	100	81.89
63	Buenos Aires	Argentina	Latin America	0.24	88.78	64.42	77.83	59.03	11.60	74.16	71.40	3.70	2.93	89.57	0.84	92.13	67.61	84.85	81.77
64	Brighton	UK	Northern Europe	0.34	91.05	89.66	74.76	68.62	7.80	82.43	50.83	3.20	10.40	85.83	1.60	95.30	261.33	77.56	81.47
65	Marseille	France	Western Europe	0.41	92.62	97.16	79.94	73.96	8.80	72.80	49.73	6.90	8.01	89.07	1.67	94.66	237.12	78.86	81.29
66	Barcelona	Spain	Southern Europe	0.39	92.91	93.15	95.18	62.06	11.40	77.94	35.43	2.20	12.93	71.96	1.46	92.93	153.20	81.06	81.08
67	Brisbane	Australia	Oceania	0.58	95.69	86.87	74.84	67.76	10.20	100	22.01	4.90	30.87	61.72	0.98	98.77	173.94	89.11	81.07
68	Edinburgh	UK	Northern Europe	0.33	87.41	89.66	91.98	54.20	7.80	93.43	56.44	2.70	9.93	86.58	1.60	95.30	261.33	77.56	81.00
69	Brussels	Belgium	Western Europe	0.41	89.77	88.09	90.88	77.46	8.90	74.08	46.21	2.50	11.86	84.36	1.55	95.85	238.04	80.90	80.75
70	Salvador	Brazil	Latin America	0.21	88.95	59.70	73.38	54.24	9.70	99.53	51.16	4.20	3.56	79.21	1.06	83.33	132.93	50.22	80.30
71	Amsterdam	Netherlands	Western Europe	0.22	97.09	98.05	91.08	67.12	10.40	78.15	48.85	2.90	11.62	86.80	1.83	95.55	520.05	60.26	79.72
72	Paris	France	Western Europe	0.31	89.82	97.16	97.15	50.01	8.80	74.66	67.99	1.80	9.35	86.83	1.67	94.66	230.84	79.51	79.57
73	Chicago	USA	North America	0.59	94.23	96.03	92.63	55.77	10.90	79.37	81.30	11.40	16.26	80.20	0.85	99.09	102.23	94.56	79.46
74	Lisbon	Portugal	Southern Europe	0.44	94.54	94.03	76.98	52.81	12.60	85.72	60.62	2.30	5.97	83.47	1.66	87.93	191.86	65.82	79.32
75	Turin	Italy	Southern Europe	0.67	97.07	82.66	72.56	70.83	10.80	61.99	54.90	6.40	5.62	90.92	1.75	92.44	260.35	70.33	78.87
76	Dublin	Ireland	Northern Europe	0.33	86.38	82.64	91.60	60.47	8.80	87.22	76.24	1.40	6.72	92.82	1.59	96.03	313.82	75.51	78.85
77	London	UK	Northern Europe	0.29	83.10	89.66	98.04	28.80	7.80	91.92	54.13	1.50	12.52	82.43	1.60	95.30	261.33	77.56	77.58
78	Los Angeles	USA	North America	0.59	86.72	96.03	83.07	44.39	11.20	81.45	82.29	11.90	11.28	87.95	0.99	98.80	111.34	94.35	76.99
79	Rome	Italy	Southern Europe	0.61	92.35	82.66	75.92	63.79	10.80	71.56	68.87	5.20	6.65	88.78	1.75	92.44	280.11	67.84	75.42
80	Warsaw	Poland	Eastern Europe	0.56	86.08	79.93	84.68	50.34	13.60	63.09	73.93	3.80	3.35	86.73	1.29	85.81	61.74	85.41	74.48
81	Naples	Italy	Southern Europe	0.57	94.20	82.66	72.66	51.06	10.80	71.05	78.55	4.10	7.89	86.22	1.75	92.44	307.73	64.37	74.04
82	Milan	Italy	Southern Europe	0.57	95.34	82.66	88.18	63.68	10.80	59.57	65.35	3.20	11.96	77.82	1.75	92.44	254.47	71.07	73.81
83	Melbourne	Australia	Oceania	0.56	93.81	86.87	92.12	62.93	10.20	73.90	45.99	2.70	29.47	63.58	0.98	98.77	574.59	56.84	73.50
84	Tel Aviv	Israel	Asia	0.07	83.87	87.62	63.82	61.13	13.00	64.44	43.90	4.20	5.85	93.33	1.80	94.58	284.12	75.95	72.43
85	Beijing	China	Asia	0.29	87.41	84.56	91.98	75.07	9.00	26.05	75.58	6.40	3.56	72.75	1.00	79.57	72.73	66.11	71.20
86	Sydney	Australia	Oceania	0.51	91.09	86.87	86.73	49.78	10.20	92.66	44.56	4.70	39.23	50.66	0.98	98.77	172.08	89.26	70.31
87	New York	USA	North America	0.44	89.49	96.03	100	43.80	9.80	86.88	74.37	7.50	38.54	55.53	0.80	99.62	79.96	97.17	69.06
88	Istanbul	Turkey	Asia	0.19	82.02	88.11	80.98	60.52	12.00	51.86	96.92	12.30	1.95	90.19	1.20	81.64	59.23	80.24	66.74
89	St. Petersburg	Russia	Eastern Europe	0.30	82.10	75.38	82.15	43.02	13.00	42.00	96.15	18.00	2.01	89.58	0.71	89.93	64.26	77.91	66.50
90	Athens	Greece	Southern Europe	0.77	89.21	81.65	67.36	58.19	15.00	68.64	70.85	4.30	6.61	79.53	1.79	85.39	280.20	43.78	66.30
91	Moscow	Russia	Eastern Europe	0.30	83.45	75.38	90.65	52.94	13.00	65.15	98.46	18.00	4.98	70.45	0.71	89.93	45.90	85.11	65.97
92	Rio de Janeiro	Brazil	Latin America	0.15	83.46	59.70	85.00	80.96	9.70	72.62	86.47	12.20	3.91	77.01	1.06	83.33	212.68	18.49	65.38
93	Mexico City	Mexico	Latin America	0.24	77.82	78.55	81.46	32.88	14.00	62.23	93.62	10.00	2.45	83.86	1.08	80.07	35.98	86.45	64.43
94	Sao Paulo	Brazil	Latin America	0.47	83.63	59.70	78.73	42.10	9.70	66.81	90.32	15.40	5.27	68.14	1.06	83.33	212.68	18.49	59.12
95	Bogota	Colombia	Latin America	0.18	70.36	59.31	16.94	43.54	14.00	62.72	95.49	7.20	2.56	75.66	0.74	81.10	102.00	37.91	56.16
96	Karachi	Pakistan	Asia	0.05	79.41	72.01	1.00	75.99	9.00	25.09	98.13	6.60	1.08	62.12	0.73	27.59	24.12	47.95	51.60
97	Lagos	Nigeria	Africa	0.12	65.10	1.00	70.01	30.33	8.00	1.00	97.47	26.20	0.63	81.06	0.40	64.51	13.99	73.97	43.13
98	Kolkata	India	Asia	0.05	55.17	83.67	71.66	28.99	15.00	34.84	97.80	22.60	0.61	82.75	1.05	9.18	30.90	41.60	29.99
99	Ulaanbaatar	Mongolia	Asia	0.20	62.95	60.69	70.00	38.24	11.10	29.44	99.12	16.50	3.86	1.00	1.41	1.00	14.34	80.12	20.30
100	Mumbai	India	Asia	0.14	1.00	83.67	78.14	1.00	15.00	34.18	97.25	22.60	0.45	87.89	1.05	9.18	51.30	1.00	1.00

METHODOLOGY

The 2019 Driving Cities Index takes a comprehensive look into the numerous indicators that determine a city’s driving conditions. The index comprises of 100 global cities ranked according to 15 factors, resulting in an all-inclusive benchmark that illustrates exactly where each location succeeds, and where improvement is needed.

CITY SELECTION

In order to allow for a wide range of scores across each factor, 100 cities that provided reliable and extensive data were selected from around the world. This ensured a range of results, allowing cities to stand out for their individual merits in comparison to other locations.

The 100 cities were then categorised by their Region, in order to allow for comparison on a regional level.

FACTORS AND SCORING

The study focuses on three main categories that impact driving conditions for motorists: Infrastructure, Safety and Costs. These three categories comprise of a total of 15 factors which are outlined below:

Infrastructure

# Cars / Capita
Daily Average Congestion Score
Road Quality Score
Public Transport Score
City Speed Sample Score
Average Car Age
Air Quality Score

Safety

Road Rage Score
Fatality Rate / 100,000 inhabitants

Costs

Cost of Parking / 2hrs
Cost of Parking by Affordability Score
Cost of Petrol / L
Cost of Petrol by Affordability Score
Annual Road Tax
Annual Road Tax by Affordability Score

This score for each factor is obtained directly from the raw data and implements a normalisation of the form:

Score(i) = 99 * ( ( (x(i) - x(min) ) / ( (x(max) - x(min) ) ) + 1

The final total score for each city was then determined by calculating the sum of the weighted average score of the factors, which in turn has been normalised in order to create a final result between 1 and 100.

All of the information collected is based on the latest data available.

INFRASTRUCTURE

# Cars / Capita

The number of cars per capita of the total population, at a city level. Values for Tokyo, Athens, Buenos Aires, Lagos, Istanbul, Lisbon, Wellington, Dubai, Porto, Auckland, and Osaka were collected at a subnational level. The higher the number of cars per capita, the greater the demonstration of a city’s driving uptake and attractiveness for motorists.

Sources: United Nations, US Census Bureau, Eurostat, local statistics departments, local news resources.

Daily Average Congestion Score

The average amount of travel time lost to traffic congestion, as a score. Congestion levels are measured by comparing free-flow conditions in a city over a 24-hour period. The higher the score, the lower the impact of traffic congestion on an individual’s driving experience.

Sources: Tomtom 2018 Traffic Index, Inrix 2018 Traffic Scorecard, Waze 2016 Driver Satisfaction Index, TrafficIndex August 2019.

Road Quality Score

The quality of road infrastructure as perceived by residents and logistics experts. Data reflects survey results taken at a national level. The higher the score, the better the quality of the road infrastructure.

Sources: World Economic Forum, World Bank

Public Transport Score

A score based on the accessibility, reliability, and affordability of the public transportation system in a metropolitan area. Additional data was included on the ratio of the dedicated public transport infrastructure (MRT, BRT) per capita and per overall road length, as well as data on the share of residents who use public transportation to commute. The higher the score the better, as the increased accessibility and ease of public transport contributes to the fall in density of road traffic.

Sources: Local transport authorities, Deloitte 2019 City Mobility Index, Arcadis 2017 Sustainable Cities Mobility Index, McKinsey 2018 Urban Transport Systems, Numbeo, and others.

City Speed Sample Score

The average speed while driving within the city centre, expressed as a score. Data was collected by measuring the driving speed of a car’s first 10km on a trajectory from the main train station to the main airport. For cities without an interstate or international train station, the public library was used as a starting point. All measurements were taken at approximately 12:00PM local time, 2 September 2019, and the local congestion levels and road obstructions such as construction sites were accounted for in the final calculations. A greater speed measured equates to a higher score, which is preferential for this factor.

Sources: Google Maps, Tomtom, Inrix

Average Car Age

The average age of a car at a national level, expressed in years. State-level data was used for US cities. The lower the age the better, as the smaller the chances there are for issues to arise which may be detrimental to road users in the location.

Sources: Autoalan Tiedotuskeskus, Auto Alliance, TecAlliance, PricewaterhouseCoopers, and others.

Air Quality Score

The annual mean for the dispersion of particulate matter (PM) 2.5 ug/m3, at a city level. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was chosen as a means to determine air quality due to its status as an air pollutant that is of most concern for city-dwellers health at high levels. Therefore, the higher the score, the lower the amount of (PM) 2.5.

Sources: World Health Organisation, OECD

SAFETY

Road Rage Score

The degree of road rage experienced by locals in each city, obtained from survey results conducted in September 2019. Over 6000 drivers across all cities between the ages of 25 to 60 (who drive for more than 150 minutes per week) were asked to respond to the following questions:

In the last 6 months, how many times did you see an incident of road rage (1-5)?
In the last 3 months, have you been part of an incident of road rage started by someone else (Y/N)?

The results of the survey were then compiled and converted into a scoring system, where the lower the score, the fewer incidents of road rage witnessed by the respondents.

Source: Survey conducted from 2.9.2019 - 19.9.2019.

Fatality Rate / 100,000 inhabitants

The number of fatalities involving at least one vehicle per 100,000 inhabitants at a city-level. National data was used for cities in India, Mongolia, Nigeria, Russia, Turkey, and Israel.

Sources: Local official sources, World Health Organisation, Governing.com, local news resources.

COSTS

Cost of Parking / 2 hrs

The average cost of 2 hours of city parking in a garage and on the street at a city-level, between August-September 2019. Free parking was not included. The lower the cost, the more preferential for drivers in the city.

Sources: Parkopedia, Institute for Transport and Development Policy

Cost of Parking by Affordability Score

The cost of parking as a percentage of the 2017 national average wage. The 2018 average wage by state was taken for US cities (latest data available). The higher the score, the lower the percentage of the national average wage spent on parking.

Sources: World Bank, Stats America

Cost of Petrol / L

The average price of petrol per litre at a national level, as of 12.08.2019. State prices were taken for US cities. The lower the cost, the more preferential for drivers in the city. The lower the cost, the more preferential for drivers in the city.

Sources: Global Petrol Prices

Cost of Petrol by Affordability Score

The cost of petrol as a percentage of the 2017 national average wage. The 2018 average wage by state was taken for US cities (latest data available). The higher the score, the lower the percentage of the national average wage spent on petrol.

Sources: World Bank, Stats America

Annual Road Tax

The cost of ‘road tax’, or its local equivalent per year at a city-level, as of 2019. In places without a specified road tax, registration tax was taken instead. The charge used for this factor is based on a popular 2011 model car on the market with the following specifications: four (plus one) doors; M1 class; 1,596 CC; 88 kW/120 bhp; 1.6 lt; 134 g/km CO2; kg: 1,100; metres: 3.95; Euro Standard: 5; fuel type: petrol; drive: manual; Energy Performance Certificate: E. The lower the cost, the more preferential for drivers in the city.

Sources: Local road authorities, tax departments, and news resources.

Annual Road Tax by Affordability Score

The annual road tax as a percentage of the 2017 national average wage. The 2018 average wage by state was taken for US cities (latest data available). The higher the score, the lower the percentage of the national average wage spent on annual road tax.

Sources: World Bank, Stats America